Japanese[edit]
Kanji in this term | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
下 | 二 | 段 | 活 | 用 |
しも Grade: 1 | に Grade: 1 | だん Grade: 6 | かつ Grade: 2 | よう Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi | goon | kan'on |
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Etymology[edit]
Compound of 下(shimo, 'lower') + 二段活用(nidan katsuyō, '').[1][2] Agatha christie the abc murders 1 3 download free.
Literally, 下二段(shimo nidan, 'lower bigrade') refers to how the inflectedendings are located in the gojūon table. 下(shimo, 'lower') means the vowele, which is written 'below' the vowel i, the other inflection-related vowel. 二段(nidan, '') means two vowels are involved, since each 段(dan, 'row') of the table contains one vowel. Thus this can be understood as 'two-voweled conjugation in e'.
Pronunciation[edit]
Shimo 4 1 3/4
- (Tokyo)しもにだんかつよー[shìmó nídáń káꜜtsùyòò] (Nakadaka – [6])[2]
- IPA(key): [ɕimo̞ ɲ̟idã̠ŋ ka̠t͡sɨᵝjo̞ː]
Noun[edit]
2do 2 6 15 0. 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう)• (shimo nidan katsuyō) ←しもにだんくわつよう(simonidankwatuyou)?
- (Classical Japanese grammar) a verbalconjugationclass with the following inflections: -e/-e/-u/-uru/-ure/-e[yo]
未然形 Irrealis | 連用形 Adverbial | 終止形 Conclusive | 連体形 Attributive | 已然形 Realis | 命令形 Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
得(-, 'to gain') | 得(e) | 得(e) | 得(u) | 得る(uru) | 得れ(ure) | 得(e) 得よ(eyo2 → eyo) |
受く(uk-, 'to receive') | 受け(uke2 → uke) | 受け(uke2 → uke) | 受く(uku) | 受くる(ukuru) | 受くれ(ukere) | 受け(uke2 → uke) 受けよ(uke2yo2 → ukeyo) |
植う(uw-, 'to plant') | 植ゑ(uwe → ue) | 植ゑ(uwe → ue) | 植う(*uwu → uu) | 植うる(*uwuru → uuru) | 植うれ(*uwure → uure) | 植ゑ(uwe → ue) 植ゑよ(uweyo2 → ueyo) |
The subscripts in the table above indicate differences in vowel class that were already being lost in Old Japanese. It remains unclear what those different vowel classes may have meant. See the Syllables section in the Wikipedia article on Old Japanese for more details. Djay pro 2 award winning dj software 2 0 16.
Usage notes[edit]
- Verbs in this class are superseded in modern Japanese as transitive下一段活用(shimo ichidan katsuyō, 'lowermonograde conjugation') verbs:
- 得(う)(u) → 得(え)る(eru, 'to gain')
- 受(う)く(uku) → 受(う)ける(ukeru, 'to receive')
- 植(う)う(uu) → 植(う)える(ueru, 'to plant')
- Some verbs in this class also make way into modern Japanese as intransitive五段活用(godan katsyō, 'quintigrade conjugation'):
- 受(う)く(uku) → 受(う)かる(ukaru, 'to pass (an examination)')
- 植(う)う(uu) → 植(う)わる(uwaru, 'to be planted')
- 蹴(く)う(kuu) → 蹴(け)る(keru, 'to kick', via shimo ichidan conjugation)
Related terms[edit]
Shimo 4 1 3
- 下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう)(shimo ichidan katsuyō)
- 上(かみ)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう)(kami ichidan katsuyō)
- 上(かみ)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう)(kami nidan katsuyō)
- 五(ご)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう)(godan katsuyō)
- 四(よ)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう)(yodan katsuyō)
- カ行(ぎょう)変(へん)格(かく)活(かつ)用(よう)(ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō)
- サ行(ぎょう)変(へん)格(かく)活(かつ)用(よう)(sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō)
- ナ行(ぎょう)変(へん)格(かく)活(かつ)用(よう)(na-gyō henkaku katsuyō)
- ラ行(ぎょう)変(へん)格(かく)活(かつ)用(よう)(ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō)
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 2.02.12006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN